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Surveying has been defined as the science and art of determining
the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth or establishing such points . The Egyptians and Greeks were
pioneers in surveying. The Egyptians first used it in 1400 B.C. to accurately divide up plots of land for taxation purposes.
In 120 B.C. the Greeks developed geometry and used it dividing the land precisely. They also developed standardized procedures
for conducting surveys. In the 1800s, during the industrial revolution, the demand
for public improvements, such as roads, canals, and railroads, and the importance of exact boundaries brought surveying into
a prominent position. Geodetic and Plane surveying were developed along with more accurate instruments. Surveying now affects our everyday lives. It is being used
in several different dimensions. It is being used to map the earth both above and below the sea in order to prepare navigational
maps of the land, sea, and air. Surveying is also used to establish boundaries for public and private lands. The development
of engineering data for bridge construction, roads, buildings, and land development is another function of surveying. It can
also be used for the development databases for natural resource management. There
are two major methods of surveying, geodetic and plane. Geodetic surveying takes into account the natural curve of the earth.
This method is highly accurate and is generally used for large areas, greater than 300 square miles. Plane surveying is the
most common and assumes the area being measured is a flat plane. It is used on smaller areas, less than 300 square miles.
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